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№ 3 (2024)

ОБЩИЕ ВОПРОСЫ ТЕРАПИИ И ОБЗОРЫ

Отдаленные последствия психофармакотерапии в подростковом возрасте: минимизация потенциальных рисков

Опубликован 2024-09-30

  • М.Ю. Попов

М.Ю. Попов
ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и неврологии имени В.М. Бехтерева» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации

Аннотация

Имеющиеся нейробиологические и экспериментальные данные указывают на то, что применение психофармакологических средств в подростковом возрасте может изменять траектории нормального, генетически детерминированного развития мозговых структур. Цель работы — рассмотреть возможные фармакотерапевтические подходы, направленные на минимизацию риска негативного влияния психофармакотерапии в подростковом возрасте на нейроонтогенез. Критически важная роль моноаминовых систем в развитии центральной нервной системы определяет потенциальные риски, связанные с применением препаратов моноаминергического действия. Результаты клинических исследований свидетельствуют о различиях в эффективности, переносимости и безопасности этих препаратов при их применении у пациентов подросткового и взрослого возраста, что в наибольшей степени относится к антидепрессантам, которые у пациентов младше 18 лет могут повышать суицидальный риск, а по эффективности (особенно при терапии депрессии) лишь незначительно превосходят плацебо. В соответствии с этими данными в статье обоснованы общие принципы назначения психофармакологических средств в подростковом возрасте: ограниченное использование антидепрессантов в качестве терапии первой линии; при необходимости применения антидепрессантов — приоритетный выбор селективных ингибиторов обратного захвата серотонина; минимизация продолжительности применения антидепрессантов и антипсихотиков; допустимость длительного назначения нормотимиков (при клинической необходимости и хорошей переносимости); отказ от использования заведомо низких дозировок и необоснованно медленной титрации. Оценка соотношения риск/польза психофармакотерапии в подростковом возрасте представляет особую сложность. С одной стороны, появляются дополнительные риски (метаболические, эндокринные, репродуктивные, «нейроонтогенетические»), связанные с приемом препаратов в период интенсивного (нейро)физиологического развития, с другой — высокая нейропластичность развивающегося мозга позволяет рассматривать подростковый возраст как уникальное «окно возможностей» с позиций потенциальной результативности терапевтических вмешательств, включая предотвращение дальнейшего прогрессирования заболевания. Необходимы исследования долгосрочной эффективности и безопасности психофармакологических средств при лечении подростков с различными психическими расстройствами.

Ключевые слова

подростковый возраст, психофармакотерапия, соотношение риск/польза, развитие центральной нервной системы, риски метаболических нарушений

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